Formal Strategic Planning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Formal Strategic Planning - Essay Example UK is an abbreviation for United Kingdom, Words in quote are exact words used by author. For a common man, the word "strategy" simply means being systematic. A tactic he will use to ensure his success or to his belief is the right way to prevail. If we are to really critically analyze the impact of formal SP to the business performance of Hospitality SME's and arrive into a realistic conclusion, we must clearly identify every aspect of SP and business operations of SME's. Strategic Planning definitions or implementation varies in the environment and business type. A more general and maybe the most practical interpretation of the term is concern with "long-term direction of the organization" (O'Regan et. al., 2002). It is where an organization defines the business they should to take on and match their business activities to the current situation while taking great consideration to the resources on hand .This method by and large helps to reduce the threats and take full advantage of opportunities. However, SP although a "long-term" plan may constantly change in order to survive and maintain equilibrium to the ever changing business environment. It should forestall and act in response to its varying dynamic operational environment (O'Regan et. al, 2002). It is then a competent and effective management tool to augment the company's ability or strength in relation to its business adversary. Strategic planning maybe categorized into two types, informal and formal. The informal type of SP, referring to Robinson and Pearce, 1983, along with several authors, is likely occurring in smaller firms than larger ones (Hannon et. al, 1997 p.105). They stress that it is the size of the business and the stage of development of that business influenced the nature of planning. In addition, smaller businesses tends to aim more and concentrate on the "process of planning" (Hannon et. al., 1997, p. 105) which is opposite to larger firms approach of identifying their goals and objectives. The author also added that informal planners in small firms undergoes some kind of "strategic decision-making" activity which is also similar to the strategies being perform by formal planners. They also believed that the activity or the process itself has more advantage to small firms than the production of written or formal outputs (Hannon et al., 1997, p.105). Formal planning according to Armstrong, ( 1992), as stated by Hannon et. al., (1997), is the setting up of clear goal and processes to realize a particular task. It is therefore worth considering that the statements provided points to informal planning as the type where smaller firms are focusing largely on the business operation process rather than "output" or goal of the process. Formal "strategic planning" according to Cox B., (2005) though, is a "top-down, vision-driven process" to develop an organization's future value. Although literatures do not mention a universal definition to separate or set a clear distinction between formal and informal SP, we may define informal planning as a less documented and unofficial but similarly effective and efficient type of SP. According to Needle D., (2000) referring to Hickson et. al. (1969), size is an important

Imperialist Policy Essay Example for Free

Imperialist Policy Essay To What Extent can it be argued that America Had an Imperialist Policy, Which Contradicted the Ideals Set down, By the Declaration of Independence? Annexation of the Philippines, the anti-imperialists protested over and over again, violated the very principles of independence and self determination on which the country (America) was founded. The above quotation summarises the key themes of this essay and the issues that will be explored. To examine the extent to which America had an imperialist policy, which contradicted the ideals, set down by the declaration of independence we must first analyse the terms used within the question and look at the ideals specified in the declaration of independence. Examples of when America showed this imperialist policy must then be examined to find to what extent they had one. Finally it must be investigated into reasons why America may have taken a turn towards imperialism which they were so strongly against when they broke from Britains rule in 1776. After thoroughly investigating and analysing the mentioned areas I will draw my conclusions as to the extent that America had an imperialist policy which contradicted the ideals set down by the declaration of independence. To begin with I shall explore the meaning of imperialism so that the question can be fully interpreted and answered fully. There are two meanings for the word imperialism below is the dictionary definition, which I will explain shortly. 1.The policy or principle of having and extending control over the territory of other nations, of creating or maintaining an empire, or extending ones countrys influence through trade and diplomacy. 2.An attempt by a developed country to interfere in the affairs of an underdeveloped country or countries. The first meaning is that imperialism is the expanding of one country into another countrys territory making them colonies and thus creating an empire, such as that of Britain in the 19th century controlling its colonies overseas. The second meaning of the word imperialism is that of a developed country influencing other countries by trade and diplomacy. It is this meaning that is often associated with Lenins view of imperialism as he felt that it was not necessarily about colonies but imposing control over another country through influence and tariffs. Using these interpretations it will be easier to analyse the actions taken by America and to find to what extent America had an imperialist policy. Now I have explored the meaning of imperialism I will go on to examine the ideals that were set down in the declaration of independence on 4th July 1776. For the purpose of this essay not all the issues raised in the declaration of independence are required so I will highlight the points that I feel are needed to answer the question best. Firstly the declaration refers to He meaning the King of Great Britain describing the injustices he has subjected the American colonies to. The first part I feel will highlight the issues within this essay talks about some of the injustices: He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws, giving his assent to their pretended legislation: For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world; For imposing taxes on us without our consent; For depriving us, in many cases of the benefits of trial by jury; The above speaks of some of the things that the American people felt were wrong criticising British imperialism. The second piece continues to describe what they feel is wrong condemning British actions: For abolishing the free system of English laws in a neighbouring province, establishing therein an arbitrary government, and enlarging its boundaries, so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for introduction the same absolute rule into these colonies; For taking away our charters abolishing our most valuable laws, and altering governments; For suspending our own legislatures, and declaring themselves invested with power to legislate for us all in cases whatsoever. He has abdicated government here by, declaring us out of protection and waging war against us. He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burned our towns, and destroyed the lives of our people. By declaring what they feel strongly against the American people are revealing their ideals of government and rule within a country. The final part of the declaration describes how America will continue once broken from British rule: We therefore the representatives of the United States of America, in general congress assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the name and by the authority of the good people of these colonies, solemnly publish and declare, that these united colonies are, and of right ought to be, FREE AND INDEPENDENT STATES; that they are absolved from all allegiance to the British crown, and that all political connection between them and the state of Great Britain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved; and that as free and independent states, they have full power to levy war, conclude peace, contract alliances, establish commerce, and do all other acts and things which independent states may of right do. This section of the declaration of independence concludes the intentions of the American people and how they will continue as a state. Looking at the excerpts I have taken I will refer back to these during the essay to point out contradictions in the American policy to prove the argument that America had an imperialist policy. Having looked at the question and analysing the terms used within it I shall now explore reasons as to why American policy took a turn towards imperialism. America had been expanding since after the first landings in Jamestown and Plymouth with settlers moving west and further south rapidly consuming the great expanse of the American continent. This early expansion within the continent was purely for the settlement of the American people however; the movements of the 1890s took a different path. Overseas expansion into already populated areas not so much for settlement but for the purpose of tactical naval bases, trading outposts or commercial centers on major trade routes. One view of this new policy was from Walter LaFeber: The United States did not set out on an expansionist path in the late 1890s in a sudden, spur-of-the-moment fashion. The overseas empire that Americans controlled in 1900 was not a break in their history, but a natural culmination. The above view expresses that imperialism and expanding is simply natural progression for any country and it was Americas time to expand. In America at the time few people liked the idea of imperialism, expanding had shown them benefits such as those of California and Oregon but imperialism meant control over other peoples by military conquest or economic domination which they did not want to be a part of. These attitudes however began to change as the end of the frontier was reached, as John A Kasson, a diplomat said in the North American Review: We are rapidly utilising the whole of our continental territory. We must turn our eyes abroad, or they will soon look inward upon discontent. Again this view explored that expanding was something that came naturally once all a nations land was occupied. Now that the question has been explained and reasons for imperialism explored I shall continue to discuss examples to show to what extent America had an imperialist policy. The first example of America advancing towards an imperialist policy can be seen as the introduction of the Monroe Doctrine, which was expressed during President James Monroes seventh annual message to congress in December 1823. Within this doctrine it was expressed that America felt that European powers no longer had the right to interfere in matters involving the Western Hemisphere and the American continent. as a principle in which the right and interests of the United States are involved, that the American continents, by the free and independent condition which they have assumed and maintain, are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonisation by any European powers This speech showed that America had interests in lands outside their own territory and were declaring that they saw the Western Hemisphere as their sphere of influence. It had long been hoped that America would one-day annex Canada or Mexico for extensive trade and greater unity against the European powers, the Monroe Doctrine supported this idea. In 1867 Secretary of State William Henry Seward finished negotiations with Russia for the purchase of Alaska with the aim of sandwiching in Canada ready for its annexation. The discussion of the Monroe Doctrine and the purchase of Alaska have shown that America did have an imperialist policy and contradicts the ideals that they set down: For imposing taxes on us without our consent; For taking away our charters abolishing our most valuable laws, and altering governments; For suspending our own legislatures, and declaring themselves invested with power to legislate for us all in cases whatsoever. They themselves condemned the actions of the British for doing the above and now although they had purchased Alaska were subjecting its people to very similar events. The next example of Americas imperialist policy I shall explore will be Hawaii and Americas long hopes of annexing the islands. Hawaii was seen to be a key way-station in the middle of the Pacific Ocean and control of these islands would provide great military and commercial trade advantages. In 1875 a reciprocity treaty with Hawaii bound the Hawaiians to make no territorial or economic concessions to other nations as well as allowing sugar to enter the United States free of duty. This treaty increased Hawaiis economic dependence on America, this supports the Lenin view of imperialism discussed earlier as it shows America having domination over Hawaii via economic constraints. In 1891 King Kalakaua died and nationalist Queen Liliuokalani came to power. The new Queen disliked being ruled by a white minority and made way for a new constitution to give native Hawaiians more power. This caused trouble in Hawaii with the White Hawaiians revolting and America becoming involved militarily. The revolt was over in three days and the Queen surrendered. On 14th February 1893, the secretary of state John W Foster and officials from the new Hawaiian government signed a treaty annexing Hawaii to the United States. However only two weeks were left in president Harrisons term and the senate refused to approve the treaty. President Cleveland who came to power shortly later started an investigation into Americas involvement and found it to have been wrong. Cleveland decided to restore the queen to her throne but the provisional government established in Hawaii instead created the Republic of Hawaii. This backing down on America or Clevelands behalf shows that the pursuit of an empire was perhaps not so great or that Cleveland simply felt more strongly about the ideals of the declaration of independence. However in 1898 the issue of annexing Hawaii arose again this time with concerns over Japans interests in the islands. President McKinley sought an annexation treaty but this required a two-thirds majority vote in the senate. It was decided that a joint resolution be obtained rather than a treaty requiring a majority in both houses. With the new approach the annexation plans passed quickly through congress and McKinley signed it on 7th July 1898 annexing Hawaii which had been an American goal since the 1860s. Now despite the actions of President Cleveland the annexation of Hawaii was eventually achieved again showing Americas imperialist policy and how they contradicted their own ideals of not imposing power over another country or subjecting other peoples to laws or government foreign to their own. I will now go on to discuss part of Americas involvement in the Philippines during the war with Spain. On 1st May 1898 after the war had only been going on one week Commodore George Dewey crushed the Spanish fleet at Manila Bay. With this significant victory the Philippines were now within Americas grasp and by the 13th August after raising an expeditionary force they took Manila Bay and gained control of the Philippines. This expansion of America territory by military conquest shows Americas imperialist policy and as one of those against it at the time said: Dewey took Manila with the loss of one man and all our institutions. So it was obvious at the time to some people that Americas policy contradicted the ideals set down by the declaration of independence on which their country was founded. The Final example I shall explore focuses on the early 1900s and the events surrounding the Panama Canal. Great Britain had controlled the region in Central America, but while otherwise concerned had withdrawn troops from the area to allow for American plans of building an isthmian canal linking the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. President Roosevelt began selecting a route which would run through the Panama region of Colombia being 6 miles wide, he offered Colombia $10million and $250,000 annual rental for the land and permission. Colombia rejected his offer and he considered seizing the area but instead hinted to the inhabitants of the Panama region to revolt. Within a short time they did so and the new Republic of Panama was created with American support. A new deal was struck and the canal commissioned with Panama relying on America and America now controlling an extremely important trade route. This example again shows America putting themselves in positions to be in an advantage over other nations highlighting another aspect of their imperialist policy. I have now looked at the reasons why America may follow an imperialist policy, how the term imperialism can be interpreted and, have shown a number of examples when America showed this imperialist policy. I shall now conclude my finding to answer to what extent America had an imperialist policy, which contradicted the ideals set down by the declaration of independence. I have not shown all the examples of when America showed signs of imperialism that I discovered my research but I have highlighted those that I felt were most important. All of the examples used have proved that America did have an imperialist policy to some extent or another they have also shown that at times some Americans felt that this policy did go against the ideals on which their nation was founded. So I conclude that America did have to a large extent an imperialist policy which contradicted the ideals set down by the declaration of independence whether they themselves recognised this policy or not as going against their own beliefs. Dewey took Manila with the loss of one man and all our institutions.

William Carlos Williams: Free the Poetry! :: Biography Biographies Essays

William Carlos Williams: Free the Poetry!      Ã‚  Ã‚   Williams does away with traditional poetic structure in order to free the actual poetry inherent in the sounds and meanings of words. In his poetry, he offers a lesson in aesthetics regarding how to engage his poetry as a way of looking at reality. At the literal level, his poetry speaks self-reflexively about its significance: "It is hard to get the news from poems, yet men die miserably every day for lack of what is found there." His poetry attempts to re-engage people in reality. As he contends: "Anything is good material for poetry. Anything"(Paterson V). This belief is evidenced in a passage from "Two pendants: for the Ears":    2 partridges 2 Mallard ducks a Dungeness crab 24 hours out of the Pacific and 2 live-frozen trout from Denmark.    He turns a fashionable grocery list into poetry by arranging the words upon the page in a manner allowing for poetic rhythm to emerge (Weatherhead 108). Rather than creating poetry according to the conventional choosing of images and creating analogies between them, his primary focus is the arrangement of words to create rhythm.    In "The Red Wheelbarrow," Williams takes familiar images but rearranges them in a way that differently emphasizes their meanings through rhythm. He does this by breaking apart certain phrases which conventionally flow together in one's mind: "depends" is broken away from "upon," "wheel" is separated from "barrow," "rain" divided from "water," and "white" is disjoined from "chickens." By altering the rhythm through divergent arrangement of words upon the page, Williams creates a new context through which to view and absorb familiar images (Koch 50). This re-birth of the ability to newly engage old images structurally serves the significant poetic function (that the literal line about men dying miserably every day for lack of what is found in poetry does) to remind us of poetry's value in connecting us with reality. His shifting poetic structure forces the reader to engage his images freshly.    Williams further instructs the reader in how to view his poems in one entitled "To a Solitary Discipline":    Rather notice, mon cher, that the moon is tilted above the point of the steeple than that its color is shell-pink.    Rather observe

Construction Industry in the UK †Research Report Essay

Synopsis This report provides detailed market analysis, information and insights into the UK construction industry, including: The UK construction industry’s growth prospects by market, project type and type of construction activity Analysis of equipment, material and service costs across each project type within the UK Critical insight into the impact of industry trends and issues, and the risks and opportunities they present to participants in the UK construction industry Analyzing the profiles of the leading operators in the UK construction industry Data highlights of the largest construction projects in the UK For more details on the content of each report and ordering information please contact: Phone:+91 22 4098 7600 E-Mail: customerservice@researchonglobalmarkets.com Related Link: http://www.researchonunitedkingdom.com/construction-in-the-uk-a-key-trends-and-opportunities-to-2018.html Summary The UK construction industry showed signs of recovery towards the end of 2013. The industry underwent a difficult period during much of 2012, revealing how fragile the recovery actually was. However, in 2013, production increased by 1.3%, and was up by 4.3% annually in the fourth quarter of the year. This growth was supported by government investments in infrastructure and affordable housing schemes. The industry is expected to record a forecast-period (2014-2018) compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 4.20%. Scope This report provides a comprehensive analysis of the construction industry in the UK. It provides: Historical (2009-2013) and forecast (2014-2018) valuations of the construction industry in the UK using construction output and value-add methods Segmentation by market (commercial, industrial, infrastructure, institutional and residential) and by project type Breakdown of values within each project type, by type of activity (new construction, repair and maintenance, refurbishment and demolition) and by type of cost  (materials, equipment and services) Analysis of key construction industry issues, including regulation, cost management, funding and pricing Detailed profiles of the leading construction companies in the UK Reasons To Buy Identify and evaluate market opportunities using our standardized valuation and forecasting methodologies Assess market growth potential at a micro-level with over 600 time-series data forecasts Understand the latest industry and market trends Formulate and validate business strategies using Timetric’s critical and actionable insight Assess business risks, including cost, regulatory and competitive pressures Evaluate competitive risk and success factors Key Highlights Infrastructure investment remains a key strategy to supporting economic growth. In the 2014 budget, the government announced plans for a new garden city, with 15,000 homes for Ebbsfleet in Kent. In the 2013 budget, the government announced various measures to support infrastructure construction. Economic improvements and a declining unemployment rate are expected to support demand in the residential construction market. To increase the affordability of housing and support residential construction, the government announced the creation of a Help to Buy Scheme (HTBS) in its 2013 budget. The first component of this scheme, which launched in April 2013, was the Help to Buy: equity loan, where the purchasers of newly-built homes would be granted interest-free government loans of up to 20%.

Subnetting Questions

Subnetting Questions ITE PC v4. 0 Chapter 1 Â © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 1 Identify the Number of Subnets and Hosts 1. You have been assigned the IP network address of 135. 65. 0. 0 and have selected 255. 255. 240. 0 as the subnet mask. How many valid subnet addresses are available? 2. You have a network address of 132. 66. 0. 0 and a subnet mask of 255. 255. 240. 0. Find the number of the valid subnets and how many possible host addresses are on each subnet excluding addresses of all 1s and all 0s. 3. You have a network address of 165. 35. 0. 0 and have selected 255. 255. 92. 0 as the subnet mask value. How many possible subnets are there? ITE PC v4. 0 Chapter 1 Â © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 2 Identify the Number of Subnets and Hosts 1. You have a network address of 220. 16. 22. 0 and have selected 255. 255. 255. 224 as the subnet mask value. How many possible subnets are there? 2. You have a network address of 199 . 112. 199. 0 and have selected 255. 255. 255. 240 as the subnet mask value. How many possible subnets are there? 3. You have a network address of 133. 233. 11. 0 and have selected 255. 255. 255. 240 as the subnet mask value.How many possible hosts are on each subnet, excluding subnet address and broadcast address? ITE PC v4. 0 Chapter 1 Â © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 3 Select a Subnet Mask 1. Your client has a class B network address and needs to support 500 hosts on as many subnets as possible. Which subnet mask should you recommend? 2. Your client has a class B IP network address and needs to support 60 hosts on as many subnets as possible. Which subnet mask should you recommend? 3. You are configuring a network and have been assigned the network address of 212. 109. 55. 0.You want to subnet the network to allow for 10 subnets with 7 hosts per subnet. What subnet mask should you use? 4. Your network has been assigned the IP address of 131. 66. 0. 0 for your network. You have determined that you need 16 subnets to allow for growth. What subnet mask value would you use? 5. You have been assigned 197. 177. 25. 0 for your network. You have determined that you need 5 subnets to allow for growth. What subnet mask would you use? Â © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public ITE PC v4. 0 Chapter 1 4 Select a Subnet Mask 1. You have been assigned 195. 1. 13. 0 for your network. You have determined that you need 8 subnets to allow for growth. What subnet mask would you use? 2. You have been assigned 140. 225. 0. 0 for your network. You have determined that you need 39 subnets to allow for growth. What subnet mask would you use? ITE PC v4. 0 Chapter 1 Â © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 5 Select a Subnet Mask 1. Your network has been assigned 200. 55. 6. 0 as the network address. You have determined that you need six subnets. Which of the following should you use as your subnet mask to prov ide four subnets? A. 255. 55. 255. 128 B. 255. 255. 255. 192 C. 255. 255. 255. 224 D. 255. 255. 255. 240 E. 255. 255. 255. 248 F. 255. 255. 255. 252 ITE PC v4. 0 Chapter 1 Â © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 6 Select a Subnet Mask 1. Your network has been assigned 168. 11. 0. 0 as the network address. You have determined that you need 70 subnets. Which subnet mask value should you select to provide 70 subnets? A. 255. 255. 252. 0 B. 255. 255. 248. 0 C. 255. 255. 240. 0 D. 255. 255. 254. 0 E. 255. 255. 255. 0 ITE PC v4. 0 Chapter 1 Â © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public Select a Subnet Mask 1. You are configuring a network and have been assigned the network address of 212. 12. 12. 0. You want to subnet the network to allow for 15 subnets with 20 hosts per subnet. What subnet mask should you use? A. 255. 255. 255. 128 B. 255. 255. 255. 240 C. 255. 255. 255. 192 D. 255. 255. 255. 248 E. 255. 255. 255. 224 ITE PC v4. 0 Chapter 1 Â © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 8 Identify Valid Subnets 1. You have a network address of 132. 66. 0. 0 and a subnet mask of 255. 255. 224. 0. Which four of the following are valid subnet addresses?A. 132. 66. 224. 0 B. 132. 66. 255. 0 C. 132. 98. 0. 0 D. 132. 66. 0. 0 E. 132. 66. 192. 0 F. 132. 66. 96. 0 G. 132. 130. 0. 0 ITE PC v4. 0 Chapter 1 Â © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 9 Identify Valid Subnets 1. You have a network address of 133. 233. 11. 0 and a subnet mask of 255. 255. 240. 0. Which three of the following are valid subnet addresses? A. 133. 233. 27. 0 B. 133. 233. 11. 248 C. 133. 233. 11. 232 D. 133. 233. 11. 176 E. 133. 233. 43. 0 F. 133. 233. 11. 240 G. 133. 233. 11. 48 ITE PC v4. 0 Chapter 1 Â © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public 10 Identify Valid Subnets 1. You have a network address of 201. 79. 187. 0 and a subnet mask of 255. 255. 255. 192. Which three of the following are valid subne t addresses? A. 201. 79. 187. 48 B. 201. 79. 187. 224 C. 201. 79. 187. 64 D. 201. 79. 187. 32 E. 201. 79. 187. 1 F. 201. 79. 187. 192 G. 201. 79. 187. 128 ITE PC v4. 0 Chapter 1 Â © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 11 Identify Valid Subnets 1. You have a network address of 129. 111. 0. 0 and a subnet mask of 255. 255. 224. 0. Which two of the following are valid subnet addresses? A. 129. 111. 60. 0 B. 129. 175. 0. 0 C. 129. 111. 0. 96 D. 129. 111. 0. 32 E. 129. 111. 96. 0 F. 129. 143. 0. 0 ITE PC v4. 0 Chapter 1 Â © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 12 Identifying the Host Range 1. You have a network address of 202. 200. 55. 0 with a subnet mask of 255. 255. 255. 224. Which of the following is the broadcast address for subnet 202. 200. 55. 96? A. 202. 200. 55. 1 B. 202. 200. 55. 96 C. 202. 200. 55. 97 D. 202. 200. 55. 111 E. 202. 200. 55. 127 F. 202. 200. 55. 255 ITE PC v4. 0 Chapter 1 Â © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights rese rved. Cisco Public 13Identifying the Host Range 1. You have a network address of 160. 88. 0. 0 with a subnet mask of 255. 255. 248. 0. Which of the following is the broadcast address for subnet 160. 88. 64. 0? A. 160. 88. 64. 255 B. 160. 88. 71. 255 C. 160. 88. 95. 255 D. 160. 88. 127. 255 E. 160. 88. 255. 255 ITE PC v4. 0 Chapter 1 Â © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 14 Identifying the Host Range 1. What is the IP address on subnet 202. 177. 48. 64 if the mask value is 255. 255. 255. 240? A. 202. 177. 48. 255 B. 202. 177. 48. 95 C. 202. 177. 48. 112 D. 202. 177. 48. 127 E. 202. 77. 48. 79 ITE PC v4. 0 Chapter 1 Â © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 15 Identifying the Host Range 1. A host on the network has an IP address of 223. 233. 11. 101 with a subnet mask of 255. 255. 255. 240. What is the subnet address of this host? 2. A host on the network has an IP address of 197. 65. 251. 125 with a subnet mask of 255. 255. 255. 240. Wh at is the subnet address of this host? 3. A host on the network has an IP address of 201. 79. 187. 236 with a subnet mask of 255. 255. 255. 192. What is the subnet address of this host? ITE PC v4. 0 Chapter 1 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 16 Identifying the Host Range 1. What is the broadcast address for subnet 200. 195. 55. 64/29? 2. You have a network address of 129. 111. 0. 0 and a subnet mask of 255. 255. 224. 0. Which three of the following are valid host addresses for the subnet 129. 111. 64. 0? A. 129. 111. 48. 69 B. 129. 111. 32. 122 C. 129. 111. 93. 166 D. 129. 111. 89. 0 E. 129. 111. 0. 66 F. 129. 111. 65. 11 ITE PC v4. 0 Chapter 1 Â © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 17 Identifying the Host Range 1. You have a network address of 233. 33. 11. 0 and a subnet mask of 255. 255. 255. 224. Which three of the following are valid host addresses for the subnet 233. 233. 11. 32? A. 233. 233. 11. 52 B. 233. 233. 11. 61 C. 233. 233. 11. 39 D. 233. 233. 15. 32 E. 233. 233. 11. 33 F. 233. 233. 125. 32 G. 233. 233. 11. 44 ITE PC v4. 0 Chapter 1 Â © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 18 Identifying the Host Range 1. You have a network address of 132. 66. 0. 0 and a subnet mask of 255. 255. 224. 0. Which three of the following are valid host addresses for the subnet 132. 66. 160. 0? A. 132. 66. 161. 0 B. 132. 6. 188. 88 C. 132. 66. 32. 163 D. 132. 66. 48. 111 E. 132. 66. 193. 6 F. 132. 66. 175. 252 ITE PC v4. 0 Chapter 1 Â © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 19 Identifying the Host Range 1. You have a network address of 201. 79. 187. 0 and a subnet mask of 255. 255. 255. 192. Which three of the following are valid host addresses for the subnet 201. 79. 187. 128? A. 201. 79. 187. 196 B. 201. 79. 187. 132 C. 201. 79. 187. 166 D. 201. 79. 187. 33 E. 201. 79. 187. 189 F. 201. 79. 187. 12 ITE PC v4. 0 Chapter 1 Â © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisc o Public 20

Lives of the Saints Essay Example

Lives of the Saints Essay Example Lives of the Saints Essay Lives of the Saints Essay Where are you going? asked her I have an appointment. With who? With the man who cuts the birdies off boys who ask too many questions. Rice, 2) This quotation shows that Christina cheats on her husband with a blue-eyed man. After everyone knows about her having affair with another man, and gossiping about her. Cheating on a husband is very bad for the husbands reputation; it shows that the husband, a head of the house, cannot control a woman. Which means that the husband Is a weak person. Secondly, Christina does not appreciate her husbands help. For example, she does not take money that her husband sends to her: l brought you something from your husband, he said after a pause he reached Into an Inside octet and handed my mother an envelope Whats this? The man shrugged. Something to get you through the winter. He sends me money through the band, my mother said. He probably needs this more than I do (Rice, 96) In this example, Christina shows that she does not need money from her husband, and she can take care of herself without his help. It represents her husband as a weak person that cannot help himself. Thirdly, Christina gossips about her own husband. For example, Christina talks to the husbands friend: I hear hes living In a chicken coop. Its a room attached to Umber Did Mannas barn, Alfred said. He must have told you In his letters. They fixed It up so he has water and electricity. he doesnt tell me anything In his letters, my mother said. he only complains. Here, look for yourself. She scanned quickly the letter the man had given her. Ah, perfecto, here Make sure Vitriol has some warm clothes for the winter. And I should feel lucky he reminds me, because otherwise the poor boy would run around naked. (Ri ce, 96) In this quotation, Christina gossips about her husband, which makes her husband look ad. Finally, Christina is a bad wife role model. Christina does not care about her child, which represents her as a bad mom. First of all, Christina does not care about Vitriols studying in school. For example, Vitriol talks about her mother and how she cares about his studying La maestro had paid a visit to my mother one afternoon, to advise her of my truancy and vices; but my mother had only laughed. (Rica, 3). It shows that Vitriols mom does not care about his studying; however, every mom has to know how her child does in school. Secondly, Violator must share with his mother, about what he does everyday. For example, the quotation says: My attendance at school had not bee very regular it Ana someone Taller out Tanat l a spent much AT class tale wandering up to ten top AT Cole did Papa or down to the river with my friend Barrio, sharing with him the cigarettes he filched from his father. (Rice, 3) In this example Vitriol shows that he misses his classes with his friend, while his mom thinks that he does go to school; however, a good mom would always know what her child does. In the end, Christina is a bad mom role model. Christina represents her father in a bad way; after what her father loses his Job. She does not do work that she supposed to do at home. For example, the grandfather talks to Christina: You couldnt have made some soup? My grandfather said, but my mother did not turn away from the fire.

Free Essays on Mesopotamians Religious Behavior

Mesopotamians Religious Behavior Mesopotamia is the most urbanized society known in antiquity, so it is the first society that can be made researches on. They had the first logical, coherent and systematic religious system in history. They had made an entire system adapted to the social life of Mesopotamian people. The religious system has three parts to be constructed. First one is religious sentiment, which includes things like admiration, need, attraction, fear, and retreat that ties people to the divine beings. Religious ideology, which is construction of images, ideas, symbols about the divinity. And last of all, the religious behavior. Religious behavior is the execution of religious ideology and religious sentiment in a civilization. Religious behavior of Mesopotamian people can only be understood with an explanation of their ideas about divinity. Then one can learn their way of service to their gods, their obedience, their sanctions, their ‘sacramental’ cult, their sacrifices, their death concep t, and divinations. The religion of Mesopotamian people was primitive, i.e. their religion was not imposed by a prophet. It was developed by communal reactions to the mysterious things going on in nature â€Å"their religion only adapted their native thinking, feeling, and living to the supernatural†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (p.203) The sources for the religious system constructed in Mesopotamia are hymns and prayers, which represent the religious sentiment, Myths, which represent the religious ideology, cults, which represent the religious behavior. The Mesopotamians were polytheist, i.e. they believed in more than one god, and anthropomorphist, i.e. they believed their gods had the pattern of man. They had a body identical to ours, but they hadn’t got any of our weaknesses. They had families, children. They had daily lives and relationships. The gods had a monarchical system between each other, the supreme power was divided between three gods: A... Free Essays on Mesopotamians Religious Behavior Free Essays on Mesopotamians Religious Behavior Mesopotamians Religious Behavior Mesopotamia is the most urbanized society known in antiquity, so it is the first society that can be made researches on. They had the first logical, coherent and systematic religious system in history. They had made an entire system adapted to the social life of Mesopotamian people. The religious system has three parts to be constructed. First one is religious sentiment, which includes things like admiration, need, attraction, fear, and retreat that ties people to the divine beings. Religious ideology, which is construction of images, ideas, symbols about the divinity. And last of all, the religious behavior. Religious behavior is the execution of religious ideology and religious sentiment in a civilization. Religious behavior of Mesopotamian people can only be understood with an explanation of their ideas about divinity. Then one can learn their way of service to their gods, their obedience, their sanctions, their ‘sacramental’ cult, their sacrifices, their death concep t, and divinations. The religion of Mesopotamian people was primitive, i.e. their religion was not imposed by a prophet. It was developed by communal reactions to the mysterious things going on in nature â€Å"their religion only adapted their native thinking, feeling, and living to the supernatural†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (p.203) The sources for the religious system constructed in Mesopotamia are hymns and prayers, which represent the religious sentiment, Myths, which represent the religious ideology, cults, which represent the religious behavior. The Mesopotamians were polytheist, i.e. they believed in more than one god, and anthropomorphist, i.e. they believed their gods had the pattern of man. They had a body identical to ours, but they hadn’t got any of our weaknesses. They had families, children. They had daily lives and relationships. The gods had a monarchical system between each other, the supreme power was divided between three gods: A...

St. Helena, Mother of Roman Emperor Constantine I

St. Helena, Mother of Roman Emperor Constantine I Helena was the mother of Roman Emperor Constantine I.  She was considered a  saint in the eastern and western churches, reported to be the discoverer of the true cross. Dates: About 248 CE to about 328 CE; her birth year is estimated from a report by the contemporary historian Eusebius that she was about 80 near the time of her death.Feast Day: August 19 in the western church, and May 21 in the eastern church. Also known as:  Flavia Iulia Helena Augusta, Saint Helena Helenas Origin The historian Procopius reports that Constantine named a city in Bithynia, Asia Minor, Helenopolis, to honor her birthplace, which implies but not with certainty that she was born there. That location is now in Turkey. Britain has been claimed as her birthplace, but that claim is unlikely, based on a medieval legend retold by Geoffrey of Monmouth. The claim that she was Jewish is also unlikely to be true. Trier (now in Germany) was claimed as her birthplace in 9th and 11th-century lives of Helena, but thats also unlikely to be accurate. Helenas Marriage Helena met an aristocrat, Constantius Chlorus, perhaps while he was among those fighting Zenobia. Some later sources allege they met in Britain. Whether they married legally or not is a matter of dispute among historians. Their son, Constantine, was born about 272. Its also not known whether Helena and Constantius had other children. Little is known of Helenas life for more than 30 years after her son was born. Constantius achieved higher and higher rank first under Diocletian, and then under his co-emperor Maximian. In 293 to 305, Constantius served as Caesar with Maximian as Augustus in the Tetrarchy. Constantius was married in 289 to Theodora, daughter of Maximian; either Helena and Constantius had divorced by that point, he had renounced the marriage, or they were never married. In 305, Maximian passed the title of Augustus to Constantius. As Constantius was dying in 306, he proclaimed his son by Helena, Constantine, as his successor. That succession seems to have been decided during Maximians lifetime. But that bypassed the younger sons of Constantius by Theodora, which would later be grounds for contention about the imperial succession. Mother of an Emperor When Constantine became emperor, Helenas fortunes changed, and she appears back in the public view. She was made nobilissima femina, noble lady. She was granted much land around Rome. By some accounts, including Eusebius of Caesarea, a major source for information about Constantine, in about 312 Constantine convinced his mother, Helena, to become a Christian. In some later accounts, both Constantius and Helena were said to have been Christians earlier. In 324, as Constantine won major battles ending the civil war in the wake of the failure of the Tetrarchy, Helena was granted the title of Augusta by her son, and again she received financial rewards with the recognition. Helena was involved in a family tragedy.  One of her grandsons, Crispus, was accused by his stepmother, Constantines second wife, Fausta, of trying to seduce her. Constantine had him  executed. Then Helena accused Fausta, and Constantine had Fausta executed as well.  Helenas grief was said to be behind her decision to visit the Holy Land. Travels In about 326 or 327, Helena traveled to Palestine on an official inspection for her son of the construction of churches that he had ordered. Although the earliest stories of this journey omit any mention of Helenas role in the discovery of the True Cross (on which Jesus was crucified, and which became a popular relic), later in the century she began to be credited by Christian writers with that find. In Jerusalem, she is credited with having a temple to Venus (or Jupiter) torn down and replaced with the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, where the cross was supposed to have been discovered. On that journey, she also is reported to have ordered built a church on the location identified with the burning bush in the story of Moses. Other relics she is credited with finding on her travels were nails from the crucifixion and a tunic worn by Jesus before his crucifixion. Her palace in Jerusalem was converted to the Basilica of the Holy Cross. Death Her death at perhaps Trier in 328 or 329 was followed by her burial at a mausoleum near the Basilica of St. Peter and St. Marcellinus near Rome, built on some of the lands which had been granted to Helena before Constantine was emperor. As happened with some other Christian saints, some of her bones were sent as relics to other locations. St. Helena was a popular saint in medieval Europe, with many legends told about her life. She was considered a model for a good Christian woman ruler.

Hamlet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Hamlet - Essay Example Thesis statement: In the play The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, the protagonist (Hamlet) never goes beyond the antic disposition into insanity because he knew that he can makes use of the same to keep himself away from emotional outburst, to maintain him emotional equilibrium, not to arouse suspicion on his motive, to confuse his enemies, to regain his mother from his uncle, and to take revenge of his father’s unexpected assassination. The following section is broadly divided as: protagonist and insanity, pretended insanity and emotional outburst, pretended insanity and emotional equilibrium, pretended insanity and suspicion on motive, as a tool to confuse enemies, pretension to regain mother’s trust, and pretended insanity and revenge. First of all, insanity can be defined as abnormal behavior originating from less control over one’s senses. Besides, insanity is generally considered as a temporary mental illness originating from the mental shock related to unexpected happenings in human life. Edward Charles Spitzka stated that, â€Å"Insanity is a term applied to certain results of brain disease and defect which invalidate mental integrity† (17). Normally, insanity is considered a temporary mental problem which can be cured within the help of medical treatment. On the other side, hereditary factors determine whether insanity will transform into permanent madness or not. Within the context of the play, the protagonist’s insanity is false because he depended upon it to trick his enemies. For instance, the protagonist knew that his life is danger because nobody in Denmark can be trusted the king (Claudius) is that much influential. In addition, the protagonist was aware of that the king will ignore him because there is nothing to be afraid of an insane person. Still, there is a serious problem related to the pretension of madness because the layer between sanity and insanity

Analyzing Husband's Defense Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Analyzing Husband's Defense - Essay Example ry to note that the parts of the house were equal as they had â€Å"the same space†.2 This may mean that husbands respected their wives and treated them as equals. However, it is not clear whether it was a norm for the Greek society at that time. It is clear that women were not allowed to be in their husbands’ areas as the husband was trying to justify his wife’s presence in his part of the house. He stated that it became â€Å"quite customary† for his wife to be in his (male) part of the house.3 It is necessary to add that it was common for husbands to have a complete control over their wives’ lives. Females could not have property of their own and their husbands made sure they did not have â€Å"too much† of their own and â€Å"kept an eye† on their wives â€Å"as was proper†.4 Wives could not go out alone but they could leave the house with their husbands. Notably, maids had more freedom and could leave their households on their own. Maids could go to the market or to other places to complete tasks given. For instance, a maid of a woman approached Euphiletus to tell him about â€Å"the man who is wronging†.5 At that, maids could be severely punished or even bitten for no reason. Euphiletus’ wife noted that he â€Å"mauled† the maid when he was drunk.6 Apparently, there could hardly be any reason for such a severe physical punishment. It follows that masters could do almost anything with their maids. It is noteworthy that Euphiletus does not blame his wife for adultery as he keeps stressing that she was seduced and she was a victim of the â€Å"great crime† committed by Eratosthenes.7 This fact may have two meanings. First, the wife was seen as a passive recipient of any action undertaken by a man (even if it was a wrongdoing). It is noteworthy that Euphiletus stressed that adultery led to the situation when wives became â€Å"more attached† to their lovers and â€Å"the whole house† got â€Å"in their power†.8 Hence, it seems that wives were simply a part of

Competition and business risk Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Competition and business risk - Essay Example Being a multinational company, Company H has eight other competitors in the market considering the fact that its market spreads across four economic zones of North America, Africa, Europe, Latin America, as well as Asia Pacific. Over the fourteen years, I had the biggest challenge and responsibility of making strategic decisions each year to enhance sustained profitability in addition to expanding the company niche in the market. Among other areas where strategic decisions were necessary included branded production and distribution decisions, corporate social responsibility, plant capacity, sales forecasts, marketing and other promotional activity decisions, private label operations, endorsement of celebrities, and most importantly, financial decisions (Goldratt, 1997, p. 63). At the end of each year over the fourteen years, four features served as the yardstick applied by the board to evaluate my performance. They included Earnings per share, credit rating, return on equity, and image rating. To me, it was clear that the operational performance of the company directly influenced these four significant performance measures. Therefore, it was my responsibility to oversee effective running of all operational activities within company H. Assessment of the PESTEL gives insights of company H currently, a position achieved under my guidance. This analysis will allow proper understanding of various factors within the macro environment that influence daily operations of the company. The relevance of evaluating PESTEL is that it brings forth a bigger picture of the environment within which Company H operates as well as opportunities and threats occurring within the same macro environment. Knowledge of the external environment within which the company runs business helps the management on behalf of the company take advantage of opportunities availing themselves and cut down threats posed by external factors. I understood clearly the five force

Strengths and Weaknesses of Genetic Testing Term Paper

Strengths and Weaknesses of Genetic Testing - Term Paper Example It has the ability to detect the problem precisely and bears a huge potential. Advancements in the field would bring a great future in the medical care. However, some societal responses towards the genetic testing are not entertaining. Genetic testing is basically a most modern technique of checking genetic disorders in which direct enzymes and other proteins have been taken. Genetic testing is used for various reasons that are career screening, pre implantation genetic diagnosis, prenatal diagnostic testing, newborn screening, genealogical DNA test, predictive and pre symptomatic testing, forensic testing and parental testing. There are various types of genetic testing that are newborn screening, diagnostic testing, carrier testing, prenatal testing, pre implantation genetic diagnosis, predictive and pre symptomatic test, forensic testing, parental testing, research testing and pharmacogenomics. Newborn screening test is done just inspection of DNA molecule, proteins and definite metabolites have been taken for the detection of hereditary diseases such as genotypes, mutation and phenotypes. Biochemical tests are also included in genetic testing in which microscopic testing of stained or fluorescent chromosomes and gene product as after the birth of baby for checking genetic disorder phenylketonuria (mental illness) and congenital hypothyroidism (disorder of thyroid gland). Diagnostic test is a genetic testing can be done in a whole life of a person. It is done when physical mutation and its symptoms appear. Carrier testing is done to check in both of the parents who carry genetic mutation and after checking that the tests give information regarding the risk of having a child with the same genetic mutation. Prenatal testing is done before the birth of child. It detects transformations in fetus genes before the birth of child. After this test people gets information regarding the risk to having baby. In addition, after that test they decide whether to give birth to baby or abort. Preimplantation genetic diagnosis is done on human embryos in vitro fertilization process. Predictive and presymptomatic testing is done to check that type of genetic mutations that appear after birth such as cancer (Sequeiros and Guimaraes, 2008). In predictive testing, the tests give information regarding the developing chances of the same mutation, which your ancestors (genes) have but not find in you while testing. In presymptomatic test, the test give information that genetic mutation will appear in the person or not. Forensic tests are done for recognizing the person uses DNA sequences such as for catching the thief and for creating relationships among people e.g. paternity. Parental testing is used for recognizing the similar inheritance pattern among related individual by using DNA markers. Moreover, through these DNA markers u can easily test the parent individually. Re search testing is done to know that how genes work. Pharmacognomics test is done for checking the changing in genes after using drugs. A normal human may have 20,000 to 25,000 genes in their genomes. A little mutation in the genes may result in cancer or could be as little as retardation (Imgargano, 2009). Genetic testing has many types. Among these types, the commonly known is the parental genetic testing, which involves the detection of any genetic mutation before the birth of the child. However, the detection method is quite risky and can be a reason for the miscarriage. Introduction: Genetic testing is the possible future tool for the medical care. If advantages are considered, the genetic testing may be a helpful tool in recognizing a person’

Euthanasia is Morally Incorrect Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Euthanasia is Morally Incorrect - Essay Example It is morally incorrect because it allows one human to take away the life of another; an act that should be frowned upon (Narbekovas & Meilius 2004, p.2). All human beings have to die a natural death and there should be no excuse to take the life of an individual to alleviate pain and suffering because, in the modern world, strong painkillers have been developed to ensure that pain is significantly reduced among patients. However, putting euthanasia into practice presents a moral dilemma for those medical practitioners who preside over it because it is a contravention of the Hippocratic Oath, which they take as a guarantee that they will be dedicated to preserving human life. Therefore, while the advocates for euthanasia state that it helps to end suffering, it is also a violation of the basic principles of life that have sustained societies for ages. In this paper, there will be a discussion of the ramifications of euthanasia on the society, the principles that make it a moral issue, as well as its impact on the individuals who take part in it. The discussion will be based on recent years, where euthanasia has been conducted as a means of removing the financial burden from medical expenses from families. In addition, in some cases, it has been done in direct violation of the wishes of patients and this has made euthanasia something akin to murder rather than as a means of ending the suffering of patients. Euthanasia is an act that is immoral because it goes against all the principles of life as dictated by religion; where the right to take away life belongs only to God rather than to human beings. Moreover, when euthanasia is conducted, there is often a failure to consider the emotional toll that it might take on the families of the patients because not only  might they feel guilty and be full of regret for allowing it to happ en, but it might lead to some of them falling into depression.

Strengths and Weaknesses of Genetic Testing Term Paper

Strengths and Weaknesses of Genetic Testing - Term Paper Example It has the ability to detect the problem precisely and bears a huge potential. Advancements in the field would bring a great future in the medical care. However, some societal responses towards the genetic testing are not entertaining. Genetic testing is basically a most modern technique of checking genetic disorders in which direct enzymes and other proteins have been taken. Genetic testing is used for various reasons that are career screening, pre implantation genetic diagnosis, prenatal diagnostic testing, newborn screening, genealogical DNA test, predictive and pre symptomatic testing, forensic testing and parental testing. There are various types of genetic testing that are newborn screening, diagnostic testing, carrier testing, prenatal testing, pre implantation genetic diagnosis, predictive and pre symptomatic test, forensic testing, parental testing, research testing and pharmacogenomics. Newborn screening test is done just inspection of DNA molecule, proteins and definite metabolites have been taken for the detection of hereditary diseases such as genotypes, mutation and phenotypes. Biochemical tests are also included in genetic testing in which microscopic testing of stained or fluorescent chromosomes and gene product as after the birth of baby for checking genetic disorder phenylketonuria (mental illness) and congenital hypothyroidism (disorder of thyroid gland). Diagnostic test is a genetic testing can be done in a whole life of a person. It is done when physical mutation and its symptoms appear. Carrier testing is done to check in both of the parents who carry genetic mutation and after checking that the tests give information regarding the risk of having a child with the same genetic mutation. Prenatal testing is done before the birth of child. It detects transformations in fetus genes before the birth of child. After this test people gets information regarding the risk to having baby. In addition, after that test they decide whether to give birth to baby or abort. Preimplantation genetic diagnosis is done on human embryos in vitro fertilization process. Predictive and presymptomatic testing is done to check that type of genetic mutations that appear after birth such as cancer (Sequeiros and Guimaraes, 2008). In predictive testing, the tests give information regarding the developing chances of the same mutation, which your ancestors (genes) have but not find in you while testing. In presymptomatic test, the test give information that genetic mutation will appear in the person or not. Forensic tests are done for recognizing the person uses DNA sequences such as for catching the thief and for creating relationships among people e.g. paternity. Parental testing is used for recognizing the similar inheritance pattern among related individual by using DNA markers. Moreover, through these DNA markers u can easily test the parent individually. Re search testing is done to know that how genes work. Pharmacognomics test is done for checking the changing in genes after using drugs. A normal human may have 20,000 to 25,000 genes in their genomes. A little mutation in the genes may result in cancer or could be as little as retardation (Imgargano, 2009). Genetic testing has many types. Among these types, the commonly known is the parental genetic testing, which involves the detection of any genetic mutation before the birth of the child. However, the detection method is quite risky and can be a reason for the miscarriage. Introduction: Genetic testing is the possible future tool for the medical care. If advantages are considered, the genetic testing may be a helpful tool in recognizing a person’

A9 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

A9 - Assignment Example They further suggest that the purpose of affirmative action is not to create reverse discrimination (Cosson, 2010). Affirmative action is now embraced by businesses in their hiring strategies and models. While it brings with it some disadvantages such as reverse discrimination, it also has a wide range of advantages. These include; diversity in the work place, increased moral commitment by companies and increased opportunities for minority groups. Therefore, the benefits that stream from affirmative action exceed the disadvantages. In the case between the male candidate and the agency, the agency was right in reaching its decision of hiring the female candidate. This is because the agency, in making its decision, embraced the fact that besides from creating increased opportunities for women who are qualified, diversity in the work place was also fostered. Diversity enables organizations to draw more insight from different employees especially in problem solving. In the above case, tw o major issues emerge. Firstly, affirmative action remains controversial and divisive. Secondly, it creates a whole range of merits and demerits. It is controversial and divisive because it tends to favor certain groups of persons such as women, and at the same time appear discriminative against others. Its advantages are increased opportunities for minority groups such as Hispanics, diversity in the work place, and an increased moral obligation to society by businesses (Cosson, 2010). However, on the other hand, affirmative action policies create room for stigmatization and reverse discrimination The main challenge with affirmative action is visibly the issue of discrimination. While affirmative action policies drum support for equality and diversity in the work place, the issue of discrimination remains unresolved. The writer clearly shows that the male candidate was obviously discriminated against in the form of gender, all in the name affirmative action. Discrimination

Sample Outline of Persuasive Speech Essay Example for Free

Sample Outline of Persuasive Speech Essay The Situation. As a project for a community education class, you decide to work with the recreation and education center at a local elderly housing project. The center is woefully short of educational materials, and the only teachers who show up are offering crafts classes. You figure out that here’s a group of less-mobile people who are ripe for Internet educational experiences. Specific Purpose明ç ¡ ®Ã§Å¡â€žÃ£â‚¬ Ã¥â€¦ ·Ã¤ ½â€œÃ§Å¡â€ž. To persuade people sttending the education center to take seriously Web-based classes from around the country. Attention Step I. It’s too easy to assume that older adults only want to play checkers and make Christmas presents our of plastic milk jugs. II. In fact, retirees haven’t given up living and learning. They’re still curious, and now they have time for a broad range of educational experience. Work against stereotypesæˆ Ã¨ §  of the elderly’s lifestyle. Engage them and improve your credibility (trustworthiness). Need Step I. Cognitive psychologyè ® ¤Ã§Å¸ ¥Ã¥ ¿Æ'ç â€ Ã¥ ­ ¦ has shown us that exercising the brain keeps it alive and active longer. A. Mental activity—especially structured activity, such as formal learning—helps to prevent cognitive deterioration.è ® ¤Ã§Å¸ ¥Ã§Å¡â€žÃ©â‚¬â‚¬Ã¥Å'â€" B. Yet the elderly often have trouble traveling to three-times-a-week classes at a local college to get that stimulation. II. Today’s retirees are going to live longer than ever and so must keep learning to keep from falling significantly far behind the rest of society. Work with power motives (especially defense and fear) to make them want to hear more. I. Need Step II. The Internet and the growing number of high-quality World Wide Web-based classes—more than 500,000 now available online—create great opportunities for people living at this housing project. A. You have plenty of computer terminalsè ® ¡Ã§ ®â€"æÅ" ºÃ§ »Ë†Ã§ « ¯ with browers.æ µ Ã¨ §Ë†Ã¥â„¢ ¨ B. Because Internet courses often cost much less than bricks-and-mortar ä ¼  Ã§ »Å¸Ã§Å¡â€žÃ¥ ®Å¾Ã¤ ½â€œÃ¤ ¼ Ã¤ ¸Å¡classes—most classes run $300-500—you can afford college-level schooling. C. You’re chatter—good conversationalists—which is just what makes a good Web-based class into a rewarding experience. III. I will spend this semester as a resource person and tutor for you. A. I’ll provide technical help for any of you who’re new to computer work. B. I’ll help you surf the Internet to find a course that is to your liking. C. I’ll be your tutor as well, even setting up some study groups for people who are studying similar kinds of things. Tie your proposal to environmental elements in the center as well as to achievement motives (pride, success, and adventure). Visualizing Step I. Think of what you have available on the Internet A. The California Virtual Campus has over 2000 courses available online. B. Indiana University will let you learn a bachelor’s degree in General Studies electronically. C. The Rochester Intstitute of Technology has serious science and technology courses available to those of you who come out of techinical background. D. The University of California at Berkeley lets you start courses anytime. E. Western Governor’s University will even give you credit for life experience. II. While virtual connections with faculty and fellow students are not as good as face-to-face contact in most people’s opinions, they can be very rewarding. A. Think of the pleasure you can have in chatting about Charles Dickens’ Oliver Twist in an Introduction To Victorian Literature course offered by an urban Eastern university. B. Just consider what your life will be like when you can tune into a lecture by a professor working in Cairo while you stay home but are listening alongside a fellow classmate living in Tokyo. C. Because you no longer have to worry about everything you learn being practical, you can take a course in World Politics from the New School for Social Research in New York, and a course in drawing design from the University of Washington. Blend appeals to achievement (prestige, creativity, curiosity and personal enjoyment) and to power (autonomy/independence), using lifestyle characterizers sensitive to some of the usual interest of active elderly people. Action Step I. You all know the value of education; otherwise, you wouldn’t have come to this meeting. A. You all know the value of thinking and understanding and evaluating for your own enjoyment and mental health. B. You all know that these computers would be doing a lot more good around here if they were being used more productively. II. And you all know, I hope, that my commitment to your personal and collective development means that today’s the day to sign up for the virtual ride of your lifetime down the Information Highway. Final appeals to self-achievement and the credibility of the speaker.

Electronic Human Resource Management

Electronic Human Resource Management Chapter one: Introduction 1.1. Background: Since the mid 1990s, organizations increasingly introduce electronic Human Resource Management (HRM). It has different names, for example e-HRM, digital HRM and web-based HRM. The rapid development of the Internet during the last decade has also boosted the implementation and application of electronic Human Resource Management (e-HRM). Surveys of HR consultants suggest that both the number of organizations adopting e-HRM and the depth of applications within the organizations are continually increasing (e.g. CedarCrestone, 2005) in world wide. In addition, an escalating number of practitioner reports provide anecdotal evidence that e-HRM is becoming increasingly common and may lead to remarkable changes (e.g. Anonymous, 2001). Consequently, academic interest in e-HRM has increased, as several special issues of HR-related journals demonstrate (Stanton Coovert, 2004; Townsend Bennett, 2003; Viswesvaran, 2003). In the interim, there is an initial body of empirical research in e-HRM. Ho wever, since this research stems from several disciplines and is scattered throughout numerous journals and since initial reviews are not encompassing (Anderson, 2003; Lievens Harris 2003; Welsh, Wanberg, Brown, Simmering, 2003), the results of these studies remain unclear at present. Furthermore, changes in the role that HR fulfills in the organization and the implementation of e-HRM are related to each other, and should not be considered separately (Gardner et al., 2003; Fletcher, 2005). The implementation of e-HRM should fit well with strategic organizational needs regarding personnel in general and HR redesign in specific. Little is known about this fit, however. In relation to this point, the possible perception of e-HRM as an attempt by the strategic level within the organization to offload operational HR work onto employees respectively managers should be taken into account when analyzing acceptance of e-HRM systems. In the last decade the Internet has radically changed our social and economic lives, and has had a profound effect on the way organizations are managed. For example, it has altered human resource (HR) practices and changed strategies for attracting and retaining employees. The same strategies have become particularly important because organizations increasingly depend on workers knowledge, skills, abilities, and other attributes (KSAOs) to compete in todays economy (Ulrich, 2001) in Oman. In addition, the Internet has enabled organizations to become more collaborative, connected, and responsive to the changing needs of the workforce. For instance, new electronic human resource (e-HR) systems allow individuals to apply for jobs, change their job-related benefits, and enhance their knowledge, skills, and abilities (KSAs) through web-based training systems. The type of information technology adopted by HRM has been phrased, as it has evolved, differently over the years, for example: Hum an Resource Information System (HRIS), Human Resources Management System (HRMS), Human Resource Development And Information Technology (HRDIS), and the most current and popular electronic HR (e-HR). The use of IT by HRM is growing especially critical to the business nowadays when discontinuities (mergers, acquisitions, restructuring and downsizing) are altering the industry landscape in a drastic way. HRM executives, the key figures in organizations responsible for fine-tuning a capable workforce, must have the right and real-time information to measure, manage, and predict how workforce should be allocated and reconfigured effectively. With the analyzed information produced by the IT, HR professionals, more than ever, are able to align their management goals and the goals of individual employees with corporate strategy to deliver strategic plans with quantifiable results, and, ultimately, be able to deal with changes proactively. With the help from the information technology, HRM p rofessionals are also able to demonstrate the HRMs benefit to the bottom line by effectively managing knowledge, skills and abilities (KSAs) that create winning companies. Human resource management (HRM) departments using information and communication technologies (ICTs) is becoming an increasingly important phenomenon commonly referred to as e-HRM. Automating HR tasks and practices is transforming the traditional paper-and-pencil, labor-intensive HR tasks, into efficient, fast-response activities that enable companies to anticipate and profit from environmental shifts to create a much needed competitive advantage (Marler, 2006; Watson Wyatt, 2002). Even though the e-HRM concept is widely used today, there are hardly any explicit definitions. The few detectable definitions (Lengnick-Hall Moritz, 2003; RuÃÆ' «l, Bondarouk, Looise, 2004) are rather general and emphasize the Internet-supported way of performing HR policies and/or activities. Leaning on these intensions, the following definition of e-HRM can be specified: e-HRM is the (planning, implementation and) application of information technology for both networking and supporting at least two individual or collective actors in their shared performing of HR activities. This concept highlights several crucial aspects of e-HRM. At the outset, e-HRM utilizes information technology in a twofold manner: First, technology is necessary to connect usually spatially segregated actors and enable interactions between them irrespective of their working in the same room or on different continents, i.e. technology serves as a medium with the aim of connection and integration. Second, t echnology supports actors by partially and sometimes even completely substituting for them in executing HR activities. Hence, information technology serves additionally as a tool for task fulfillment. The planning aspect accentuates the systematic and anticipated way of applying information technology. The shared performing of tasks through at least two actors points out that the sharing of HR activities is an additional feature and underlines the aspect of interaction and networking. The consideration of individual and collective actors takes into account that e-HRM is a multilevel phenomenon; besides individual actors, there are collective actors like groups, organizational units and even whole organizations that interact in order to perform HR activities. Beside e-HR(M), there are some further concepts which obviously refer to the same phenomenon. Widely accepted are such terms as virtual HR(M) (e.g., Lepak Snell, 1998), web-based HR(M) (e.g., RuÃÆ' «l et al., 2004), or bus iness-to-employee (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“B2Eà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ) (e.g., Huang, Jin, Yang, 2004). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Virtual HRMà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  refers to technological mediated networks of different internal and external actors providing the firm with the HR services needed without the further existence of a conventional HR department which therefore becomes à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“virtualà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . E-HRM is additionally open to less developed varieties of technology application, e.g. the shared performing of an application process by a conventional HR department and an applicant via the Internet. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Web-based HRMà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  couples the concept to Internet technologies. E-HRM, as well, is particularly web-orientated, but also comprises additional technologies like networked ERP-Systems. Finally, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“business-to-employeeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  reduces the concept to the internal actor categories of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“businessà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (presumably line managers and HR profess ionals) and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“employeesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . In contrast, e-HRM is open to further relevant actor categories like applicants or consultants. To sum up, these further terms undoubtedly direct attention to main characteristics of the same phenomenon but are of somewhat narrower intensions. Thus, in order to comprehensively embrace relevant aspects, the e-HRM term is used. Fundamental definition of HRM offered by numerous scholars remains to be the managing of people who work in an organization (Gomez -Mejia, Balkin Cardy, 2001). Another popular definition of HRM specified the top management of the corporation as the only employer of the HRM staff (Renckly, 1997). Based on this thinking, HRM is to essentially establish, develop, maintain, and communicate personnel policies to the entire company, and thus, to represent, help, advise, and consult with the employees of the organizations. It is apparent that HRM was defined from an employer perspective, and was expected to serve and represent first, last and always the best interests of their only employer: top management. Beer and Spector (1985), representing another group of researchers and HRM practitioners, defined HRM from the relationship perspective as the management of this relationship between employees and the organization which, more specifically, involves all management decisions which affect the nature of the relationship between the organization and employeesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬  its human resources. Nadler (1990), on the other hand, defines HRM from an organizational learning point of view as: the organized learning experience in a definite time period to increase the possibility of improving job performance and growth. As human resource (HR) management departments continue to move to internet or web-based technology (The Hunter Group, 2001), more research evaluating the use of web-based HR, or electronic human resource management (e-HRM) is needed. The fastest growing trend in the delivery of HR information is employee self-service (ESS) (Gueutal, 2003). These applications give employees the ability to access and maintain their personal HR information via the web. Another growing trend is the adoption of managerial self-service (MSS) which provides managers access to a variety of HR tools and information via the web (Gueutal, 2003). Most manager HR-related tasks can be completed via MSS applications including pay administration/compensation, performance management, staffing, and employee development (Gueutal, 2003). Another term used to describe these tools utilized within a given organization is human resource information systems (HRIS), which Kavanagh and Thite (2008) define as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“th e system used to acquire, store, manipulate, analyse, retrieve, and distribute information regarding an organizations human resources.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Lepak and Snell (1998) refer to the four à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"pressures of virtual HRM. First of all, HRM departments are asked to focus on strategic questions. Secondly, these departments need to be flexible in terms of policymaking and practices. Thirdly, HRM departments should work efficiently and be aware of costs. Fourthly, HRM departments should be service-oriented towards management and employees. In short, HRM departments must be strategy-focused, flexible, efficient, and client oriented; and all at the same time (Lepak and Snell, 1998). RuÃÆ' «l et al. (2004) highlighted an aspect that is fairly well covered by the above but that is nevertheless interesting to spell out, namely the changing nature of the employment relationship. With the supply shortage in the labor market (during the economic upturn of the 1990s), the individualization of society, and the increased educational level of citizens (and thus of employees), the power balance in the employment relationship has shift ed in the direction of the employees: they want to steer their own career paths. In the view of RuÃÆ' «l et al. (2004), a move towards e-HRM can provide the tools to support this development. This aspect fits into earlier-mentioned drivers such as improving service towards internal clients, but has an external societal drive. Yet another goal of e-HRM was stressed as the outcome of the case study research conducted by RuÃÆ' «l et al (2004): it is necessary to recognize that to improve a companys global orientation can become a strong drive to start with e-HRM. Theoretical debates suggest three goals of e-HRM are cost reduction, improving of HR services, and improving strategic orientation (Brockbank, 1997; Lepak and Snell, 1998; Stanton and Coovert, 2004). Few empirical findings supplement these goals with globalisation as a driving e-HRM force in international large organisations, but also show that those goals are not clearly defined in practice, and that e-HRM mostly direct ed at cost reductions and efficiency of HR services, and least at strategic orientation of HRM (Gardner et al, 2003; RuÃÆ' «l et al, 2004; Ruta, 2005). HRM effectiveness is often mentioned as HRM contribution to firm performance (see, for ex., Kane et al, 1999; Ostroff and Bowen, 2000; Wright et al, 2001). Especially during the past decade the HRM literature made attempts to show that progressive HR practices result in higher firm performance (Wright et al, 2005; Hope Hailey, 2005). Huselids (1995) pioneering study has shown that a set of HR practices labelled High Performance Work Systems were related to turnover, accounting profits, and firm market value. Since then, a growing number of studies have attempted to empirically test the relationships between HR practices and firm performance (see elaborated overviews by Delery and Doty, 1996; Ostroff and Bowen, 2000; Boselie et al, 2001; Tsui and Wang, 2002; Wright et al, 2005). For example, MacDuffie (1995) has found that bundles of HR practices were related to productivity and quality in his sample of auto assembly plants. Delery and Doty (1996) found significant relationships betwe en HR practices and accounting profits among a sample of banks. Youndt et al (1996) discovered that certain combinations of HR practices in their sample of manufacturing firms were related to operational performance indicators. More recently, the study of Batt (2002) examined the relationship between HR practices, employee quit rates, and organizational performance in the service sector, and revealed that quit rates were lower and sales growth was higher in call centers that emphasized high skills, employee participation, and human resource incentives like high employment security. 1.2. Problem Statement One of the principal and most integral objectives of Omans Vision 2020 is the development of Human Resources. The importance of Human Resource Development (HRD) has been given top priority throughout the Sultanate of Omans successive Five-Year Development Plan. In Omans vision 2020; economic conference held in Muscat in June, 1995, His Majestys address to the nation clearly emphasized the need for the private sector to undertake an active role in the development of the economic process and in the achievement of the national goals. Nonetheless, this was not considered in isolation from the development of the national human resources, but rather in conjunction as proclaimed by His Majesty Sultan Qaboos Bin Said: Development is not a goal in itself rather; it exists for building man, who is its means and producer. Therefore, development must not stop at the achievement of a diversified economy. it must go beyond that and contribute to the formation of the citizen who is capable of taking part in the process of progress and comprehensive development. (Vision 2020 Conference, June, 1995). In Oman, now as never before, the training and development of national (Omani) human resources to a high level of efficiency competency is a must. This is due to a number of reasons including less dependence on oil resources, less dependence on foreign (expatriate) workers, Omanization, implementation of a successful privatization program, diversification, industrialization, technological innovation and an increasingly competitive global market. To meet the goal of Vision 2020, electronic human resource management is the one of the essential part for the development of the human capital. In this sense it is quite difficult for effective e-HRM in firms in Oman. Technologically it will be new to the firms in Oman. Henson (2005) identifies workforce and technology as the heartbeat and the toolset of the HR business today. HRM is no doubt the business unit most directly responsible for the managing and the developing of the workforce, therefore, factors and trends that trigger the workforce changes need to be addressed with care. Researchers in 21st century have come to the realization of the greatest workforce crisis: the aging of the industrialized world (Dychtwald, Erickson Morison, 2006), resulting in an unprecedented shift in the age distribution of the general population and, specifically, the labor force. 1.3. Research Question: 1. Does an e-HRM tool affect e-HRM function? 2. Is there any relationship between e-HRM tools and HRM function? 3. Is there any relationship between HRM function and firm performance in e-HRM practice? 1.4. Research Objective: Main objective of this study is to investigate the e-HRM effectiveness in oil industry in Oman. * To investigate whether the e-HRM tools and HRM function are related * To investigate whether e-HRM tools affect the HRM functions * To investigate whether e-HRM has an effect on firm performance 1.5. Significant of the Study This study will provide the human resource professional to more effective way to implement the human resource functions implementation in oil industry in Oman. This study also identified e-HRM features that deserve HRM practitioners attention and organizational resources. This in-depth examining of the set of e-HRM features can also serve as potential tools for the management to decide on the future adjustments of their e-HR system, and the implementation of the new systems. From a practical perspective, result like performances, either yielded by certain business division like HRM or by organizations, reflects an organizations capabilities in implementing competitive strategies and tools, and aligning its resources and goals. Therefore, by establishing and learning the relationships among the use of e-HRM system, the perceived importance of e-HRM features, HRMs functional performances organizational performances, and the perceived importance of the dimensions of the organizational performances, HRM practitioners shall be able to manage IT-related issues more effectively, and benefit better from the use of e-HRM. Although this study will be based on the oil industry in Oman; but the finding can helps the other organization also such as education, manufacturer etc. to practice human resource function through online more effectively. 1.6. Scope of the study We only use the technology factors and the HRM function implementation through online for HRM effectiveness in this study. There are some other opportunities for researcher to conduct the research on e-HRM effectiveness in Oman. They can add the strategic part of organization with these variables in future. Strategic variable such as the organization goal, objectives and so on can be considered for further study. . Beside this the technology factors such as system implementation also can be included. 1.7. Limitation of the Study In this study one of the major problems is about the sample. This study can take larger sample than it will be taken. An also the time is another limitation for conducting this research. Shortage of time make researcher to consider the sample for this dissertation in few firms only. Beside that money allocation is another problem for this research. Researcher is using his own money to conduct this study. So that he cannot cover the wide area of or many more firm for analyze. 1.8. Organisation of the study: Chapter two: Literature Review 2.1. Theoretical perspectives Given different interpretations and assessments of theory, there is an ambiguity concerning theories, frameworks and other phenomenological conceptualizations. Even acknowledging a broad intension of theory, only one-fifth of the studies rest on theoretical bases. Corresponding to the diverse disciplines and topics, the theories employed are also quite diverse. Often, several perspectives are employed in an eclectic manner. Predominantly, micro-level theories of psychological and behavioral provenance are adopted. Attribution theory and correspondence inference theory (ElginClapham, 2004), the attraction-selection-attrition and the similarity-attraction paradigm (Dineen, Ash, Noe, 2002), change management theories (Ruta, 2005), organizational citizenship behavior (Huang, Jin, et al., 2004), privacy theories (Harris, van Hoye,Lievens, 2003), procedural justice theory (Dineen,Noe, Wang, 2004), signaling theory (Cober,Brown Levy,Cober 2003), as well as social cognitive theory (Williams on, Lepak, King, 2003) are adopted in order to explain individual perceptions and reactions arising from e-HRM. Additionally, a learning theory is adopted to compare instructor-led and web-based learning (Coppola Myre, 2002). In addition, some theories stemming from information systems research are used. The technology acceptance model (Huang, Yang, Jin, Chiu, 2004), the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (Ruta, 2005), and the theory of usability (Williamson, Lipak, King, 2003) are used to frame again problems of individual reactions and usage. Also, a conceptual IT-framework is used to structure e-HRM impacts on HR-professionals (Gardner, Lepak, Bartol, 2003). One single study pursues a microeconomic approach to explain e-employment markets (Nissen Gates, 2004). In brief, current empirical research in e-HRM is mainly non theoretical. The theories applied are micro-level oriented, diverse in nature and often eclectic in application. Interestingly, recognized ma cro-level theories of HRM (Wright McMahan, 1992) were not considered. 2.2. HRM Effectiveness To know the effectiveness of e-HRM, HRM functions are relatively come to the picture. The American Society for Personnel Administration (ASPA), the predecessor to SHRM, first defined HRM functions in 1975 as the technical competencies in the following areas (HRCI, 2006): * Employment, placement and personnel planning. * Training and development. * Compensation and benefits. * Health, safety and security. * Employee and labor relations. * Personnel research. Smith and Mazin (2004) reports the scope of the HRM functions covers the following areas of functionality: * Employee selection * HR policies, performance management * Performance Management * Training and development * Employee relations and retention * Compensation * Benefits * Regulatory Issues * Workforce violence and investigation * Termination and discharge Researchers also observed other dimensions to HRM as well, for instance, Huselid, Jackson and Schuler (1997) reports that HRM effectiveness has two essential dimensions. The first, the technical HRM, includes the delivery of HRM basics such as recruiting, compensation, separation etc. The second, strategic HRM, involves delivering those services in a way that directly supports the implementation of the firms strategy. Other academia and HRM professionals are also inclined to analyze HRM functions from various perspectives, for example: from the areas of activity (Nadler,1990), and from the areas of service rendered. Nadler (1990) first groups the HRM functions into three specific areas of activity: (1) training, which implies learning related to present job, (2) education, which implies learning to prepare the individual for a different but identified job, (3) development, which implies learning for growth of the individual, but not related to a specific present or future job. This f urther reinforces the thinking of HRM being learning-driven. 2.3. Implementation e-HR Kehoe, Dickter, Russell and Sacco (2005) points out that the organizations overall culture and HRM strategy determine the manner in which organizations will implement their e-enablement systems. The e-enabled programs can either be implemented as part of a broad e-enablement of HR processes and systems, or implemented independent of other HR processes and systems. It is even possible that specific e-enabled assessment applications may be implemented independent of each other. No matter what, organizations need to develop guiding principles regarding the following issues on the management of an e-enabled HR environment: * Risk management relating to employment discrimination * Buy versus build and the roles of internal HR IT and third party providers * HR expertise versus automaticity in the e-enabled assessment process * Whose functions the system will be designed to support * Ownership * The integration of e-enabled assessment with other HR systems and process * Free market versus regulated processes E-recruitment In terms of the organizations objectives, the primary goal of the recruitment process is to attract potential applicants (prospects) who have the KSAOs needed to meet the requirements of organizational roles. Thus, organizations are increasingly using the Internet to advertise job openings and attract qualified prospects. The web-based advertisements often provide prospects with information about (a) job vacancies, (b) job descriptions, (b) the organizations culture and its à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“brand identity,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  and (d) the inducements (e.g., pay, fringe benefits, learning opportunities, promotion prospects) offered its employees. Interestingly, some estimates indicate that 100%of large firms currently use the Internet to announce job openings, and 82% of large firms use intranet systems to post openings or identify qualified employees within the organization (Cedar, 2002). For example, organizations have developed sophisticated web-based recruiting systems to convey informat ion about job opportunities and give applicants the ability to complete applications online (Stone, Johnson, Navas, Stone- Romero, 2005; Stone, Lukaszewski, Isenhour, 2005). In addition, organizational intranet systems are often used to search employment records to determine if the KSAOs of current employees are consistent with the requirements of vacant or soon-to-be vacant roles. Such systemsmay automatically provide managers with lists of qualified employees, and notify individuals about new job opportunities. In addition, the same systems may send messages to employees that ask about their interests in job openings. Overall, e-HR-based recruiting systems are thought to reach a much wider set of prospects than traditional recruiting systems (Gueutal Stone, 2005; Stone, Lukaszewski et al., 2005). Internet-based e-HR systems are also used to provide job applicants (applicants) with virtual previews of organizations. For instance, some organizations use à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“real timeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  cameras to give prospects a preview of what it is like to work in the organization on a daily basis. Other organizations (e.g., Cisco Systems) use such systems to give job applicants the opportunity to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“make friends in the organization.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Through the resulting contacts, prospects can gather considerable information about the benefits and challenges of working for the organization. As a result of the availability of information about role requirements and inducements, applicants can determine if their (a) needs can be satisfied by offered inducements, and (b) KSAOs are likely to enable them to meet role requirements. Though a great deal of organizations believe e-recruiting systems permit firms to cast a wide net across a broad labor market, and is more likely than traditional recruitment sources to uncover individuals with unique talents and skills, researches show that e-recruiting only attracts greater numbers of candidates than other sources, but not necessarily attracts higher quality applicants or candidates who are most suitable for the companies than traditional sources (Chapman Webster, 2003; Galanaki, 2002). McManus and Ferguson (2003) discovers: given that some types of candidates may be more likely to use e-recruiting than the others (for instance, job hoppers or savvy internet navigators), the use of the e-recruiting systems may actually affect the characteristics of new hires in organizations, and influence the overall composition of the workforce. McManus and Ferguson (2003), Galanki (2002), Zusman and Landis (2002) further argue that there are age, gender, and ethnic differences in reactions to and usage of online recruitment sources, therefore, organizations should not use online recruiting as the sole recruitment sources. E-Selection There are three purposes for all the HR e-enablement (Kehoe, Dickter, Russell Sacco, 2005): (1) to minimize cost, (2) to maximize the utilization of the organizations human capital, (3) to enable sustainability which refers to the organizations willingness and ability not only to maintain the e-enabled system, but to progressively evolve the system to satisfy changing requirements, and capitalize on improvements in technology and the science of selection. The purposes for e-enabling selection are no any different from the above. While conducting the maximizing the utilization of the organizations human capital, organizations are required to design two measures into the e-enabled selection system: (1) the capital represented by each person who goes through the process (including the set of text scores, interview ratings, resum6 quality indices, background check results, drug test results, and any other quantifiable evaluation of the skills, experiences, abilities.. ..etc.), and (2) t he extent to which the process results in decisions that maximize the utilization of that capital (for example, ratio or difference between average test scores for selected candidates to average test scores for all candidates, percentage of candidates who satisfy minimum requirements such as for drug tests or background checks, retention rates, post-hire, new hire performance management results.. ..etc.). Organizations also need to enable sustainability by emphasizing on: clear ownership, funding strategy, business contribution, user satisfaction, and professional support. As for the implementation, Kehoe, Dickter, Russell and Sacco reports that more and more organizations nowadays prefer to acquire a vendors e-selection system because of the appealing features of specialized and flexible system solution products available on the market. E-Performance Management Researchers have previously compared online administrations and traditional paper-and-pencil (PP) administrations of organizational surveys (Thompson et al., 2003), measurement of psychological constructs (Cole et al., 2006), upward feedback ratings (Smither et al., 2004), and item responses to a 3608 assessment (Penny, 2003). Whereas researchers have contrasted online versus PP groups reactions to selection tools (Richman-Hirsch et al., 2000), no research has compared online versus PP administrations in the context of performance appraisal (PA). Although frequently defined as a measurement instrument or tool, PA is the social and communication process in which a supervisor evaluates an employees behavior in the workplace and communicates those ratings and feedback back to the employee (Murphy and Cleveland, 1995). The purpose of this study is to address this gap in the applied research literature and examine the extent to which an online PA system influences employees reactions to t heir PA. We believe this is an important applied research question that HR managers need to know the answer to before implementing e-HRM/HRIS PA tools. Though Cardy and Miller (2005) argues that the level of performance made possible by technological advancement has changed the standard for acceptable performance, appraisal satisfaction remains a relevant concern for organizations even when technology is either a primary mechanism for the feedback process, or already become the appraisal process, because high-quality performance feedback is a critical factor that helps organizations retain, motivate, and develop their employees, and, these outcomes are more likely to occur if employees are satisfied with